Year |
Events |
| 70 | Capture and destruction of Jerusalem by Titus |
| 132 | Uprising of Bar-Kokhba against Rome, in Jerusalem |
| 135 | Adrian puts down the revolt. Resistance and collective suicide of the Jews in Massada. The Jews are expelled from Israel. |
| 175 | Compilation of the Mishnah by Yehida ha-Nasi, as a realization of the Torah, in Galilee. |
| 220 | Hebrew stone of Adra |
| 314 | Council of Elvira (Granada). Already special attention is given to Jewihs/Hispanic relaitons. |
| 415 | Visigothic invasion of the Peninsula. The Aryan Visigoths protect the Jews. |
| 589 | III Council of Toledo. King Ricared's conversion to Catholicism, and reinstitution of the repressive laws set out in the Council of Elvira. |
| 612 | Sisebut ascends to the Visigothic throne, with the aim of fulfilling the precepts of the III Toledo Council. Edict of expulsion. |
| 629 | The Jews are expelled from the Frankish kingdom of Dagobert. Emperior Heraclitus conquers Jerusalem. |
| 633 | IV Council of Toledo. Orders the total separation between Jews and Christians. |
| 675 | Return of Jews to Spain under the reign of Wamba. |
| 694 | XVII Council of Toledo. King Egica persecuties the Jews, accusing them of collaborating with the Moroccan Muslims. |
| 711 | Muslim invasion of the Peninsula. A period of flourishing for the Jews begins in Muslim Spain. The invasion is under the command of Muza ben Nossair, a Muslim, and Tarik, a Berber recognized as Jewish of the tribe of Simeon. |
| 845 | Ramiro I of Asturias has magicians and necromancers in his kingdom burned. Among the condemned are some Jews. |
| 863 | Mohammed I convokes an ecumenical council in Cordova, attended by Christians, Jews and Muslims. |
| 875 | Judah the Hebrew settles in Barcelona under the rule of Carlos the Bad. |
| 900 | First reference to presence of Jews in Leon. |
| 905 | First references to existence of Jewish communities in Navarra. |
| 958 | Hasdai ben Shaprut of Cordova cures Sancho I el Craso, King of Leon and Navarra, of his obesity. |
| 958 | Hasdai ben Shaprut dies, having reached the highest political positions of Al-Andalus. |
| 974 | Charter of Castrojeriz. In it Fernan Gonzalez of Castilla authorizes equal rights to Christians and Jews. |
| 993 | Samuel HaNagid (Ibn Nagrela) is born. |
| 1002 | Death of the Muslim caudillo Almanzor and beginning of the disintegration of the Cordovan Caliphate. The Jews scatter throughout the kingdoms of Taifas. |
| 1013 | Slaughter of Jews in Cordova, caused by Jewish intervention in internal fights for the Caliphate. |
| 1020 | Council of Leon. First laws of this kingdom relevant to Jews. Solomon ibn Gabirol is born. |
| 1035 | Attack and slaughter on the Jewish quarter of Castrojeriz on the death of Sancho III the Large. |
| 1050 | News of the presence in Barcelona of Jews, mostly working at coinage. |
| 1056 | Death of Samuel Hanagid (Ibn Nagrela) |
| 1058 | Death of Ibn Gabirol. |
| 1066 | slaughter of Jews in the Kingdom of Granada.Pope Alexander II advises Castilian bishops to respect Jewish ways of life. |
| 1069 | Considerable activity by astronomer Ben Yahia (Arzaquiel) , compiler of the Toledo tables. |
| 1979 | Code of Usage, and regulating Jewish life in the county of Barcelona. Another massacre of Jews in Granada. |
| 1085 | Alfonso VI conquers Toledo. A major wave of immigration, or rather re-immigration, comes from Andalusia to Chrisytian Spain. |
| 1086 | Some 40 thousand Jews join the battle against the Almoravids in Zalaca. |
| 1088 | Castilian Orthodox Jews persecute Karaite Jews who arrived with Muslims, forcing them to settle only in border areas. |
| 1090 | Alphonso VI of Castile passes the Christian-Jewish Charter, regulating their rights and obligations in his kingdom. |
| 1099 | Geoffroi de Bullion conquers Jerusalem. |
| 1107 | Yusuf ben Texufin and his Almoravids establish a post in the Jewish city of Lucena. |
| 1109 | Massacres in the Castilian Jewish communities after the king's death |
| 1123 | Burgos Jews organize a volunteer squadron to fight for Castile against Sancho Aznar |
| 1125 | Yehuda Halevi writes "The Khazari" |
| 1126 | The School of Translators of Toledo is founded; many members are Jewish intellectuals. |
| 1127 | Birth of Benjamin of Tudela |
| 1130 | date given for the arrival of the Messiah; a false Messiah, Moshe Dray, appears in Cordova. |
| 1132 | Intellectual flourishing of Abraham ibn Ezra |
| 1139 | Alphonso VII of Castile concedes a special fuero to the Jews of Guadelajara, permitting them to outfit themselves like the knights of his kingdom. |
| 1145 | The King of Navaraa, Garcia Ramirez, cedes the Estella synagogue to the bishop of Pamplona to christianize it. |
| 1148 | Almohad invasion of Andalusia and destruction of the Jewish city Lucena. Massive Jewish emigration to the Christian zone of the Peninsula. |
| 1150 | The School of Translators in Toledo is enriched by Gerard of Cremona's joining it. |
| 1156 | Toledan Jews intervene in the political battles created by Alphonso VII's minroity age. |
| 1162 | Granada's Jews and Muslims rise against the Almohad invaders. Strong repression of this resistance. |
| 1170 | King Sancho of Navarre has the Jews defend the castles of Tudela and Funes. Ferdinand II concedes a fuero to the Jews of Salamanca. |
| 1177 | The fuero of Palencia removes Jews from royal jurisdiction and makes them directly dependent on the bishop and the cabildo (clergy organization). |
| 1180 | Massacre of Jews in Toledo, instigated by high-level members of the Castilian court and probably by the legend of the Jewess Rachel. At the bottom of the massacre lies the Christian defeat at Alarcos and the suspicion that the Toledo Jews were selling Christian slaves to the Almohads in the battlefield itself. |
| 1190 | Fuero of Cuenca. It implies equal treatment for Christians and Jews but in any event the two peoples end up with different domestic treatment. |
| 1196 | The Leon juderia (Jewish Quarter) is burned down by order of Alphonso VIII of Castile and Pedro II of Aragon. The Leon Jews aretreated as slaves. |
| 1200 | About this time Kabbala studies begin in the peninsular Christian kingdoms. |
| 1204 | First Hebrew translation of Maimonides' "Guide for the Perplexed." |
| 1208 | Greatest growth of the Palencia Jewish community under the protection of the bishop and the cabildo. |
| 1212 | Battle of Navas de Tolosa. This prefigures in the end of the Almohad rule and the beginning of the great Castilian reconquest. |
| 1213 | City charter of Tlascala (Toledo), with considerable privileges for the Jewish community. |
| 1215 | Fourth Council of Letran. It specifies that Jews in Christian Europe must wear items distinguishing them from Christians. |
| 1219 | Agreement of the Archbishop of Toledo, Ximenez de Rada, with the Jews of his diocese. St Ferdinand III succeeds in having Pope Honorius III exempt the Castilian Jews from having to wear distinguishing items. |
| 1225 | First reference in public writings to the presence of Jews in the Principality of Asturias. |
| 1228 | On Good Friday, an attempt to pillage the aljama of Gerona.. The Jews are rescued at the last minute by the troops of Jaime the Conqueror. |
| 1230 | Attacks on various juderias of the Kingdom of Leon as a result of the death of Alphonso XI. |
| 1232 | The Holy Office of the Inquisition is established, in the hands of the Domenicans. |
| 1233 | The Archbishop of St James of Compostela decrees that Galician Jews pay the requisite taxes, in the Council of Letran (see 1215). |
| 1234 | Franciscan monks of the south of France publicly burn Maimonides' books. |
| 1235 | Death of the Kabbalist Ezra ben-Salomon. Conquest of Mallorca by Jaime I the Conqueror. The island has a strong contingent of Jewish citizens whom the Catalan-Aragonese king fully respects. |
| 1238 | Jaime I takes Valencia. The king treats the Jews of the city well, as they are presumed to have collaborated in the conquest, and concedes favours to them. |
| 1240 | The Jews begin to occupy important posts in the Kingdom of Castile. |
| 1247 | Charter of the town of Carmona (Seville). Privileges established for Jews coming to live in the city. |
| 1248 | Conquest of Seville, with condition of capitulation being that the city be handed over with no Muslims there. |
| 1249 | Jaime of Aragon concedes privileges to the Jews of his kingdom for working at guild occupations |
| 1250 | Pope Innocent IV forces the Castilian bishops to severely enforce the separation between Jews and Christians in their dioceses. |
| 1252 | Royal epitaph in Latin, Castilian, Arabic and Hebrew. |
| 1256 | A papal bull of Alexander IV permits King Theobald II of Navarra to prohibit the Jews of his kingdom from practicing usury. |
| 1257 | Jaime I of Aragon protects the Lerida aljama from the burning of Jewish books ordered by Pope Gregory IX. |
| 1263 | Jaime I of Aragon orders that pages of Jewish books judged harmful or contrary to Christianity be blotted out. The disputations continue between the Kabbalist Nahmanides of Girona and the converso Pau Cristia. |
| 1265 | Trial of Nahmanides. |
| 1266 | In Zaragoza a bridge is built over the Ebro River with the money from taxes paid by the city's Jews. |
| 1267 | The rabbinical university of Barcelona is authorized to be set up. Nahmanides emigrates to Israel. |
| 1270 | Death of Nahmanides in Akko. |
| 1272 | Jaime I's son-in-law takes over Murcia (city) and has the Jews live apart from the Christians. |
| 1273 | Jaime I confirms the privileges and franchises conceded to the Jews on the occasion of his conquest of the islands where they were living. |
| 1274 | Christian attack on the town of San Cernin od Pamplona, with the collaboration of the Jews of La Navarreria. |
| 1277 | Destruction of La Navarreria with Pamplona's aljama by French soldiers, as a result of the events of 1275. |
| 1278 | Another pillaging of the Jewish quarter of Girona, initiated by the bishop Pere de Castellnou. The Jews are protected by King Pedro III. |
| 1280 | Imprisonment and execution of the Jewish almojarife Don Cag de la Meleha by order of Alphonso X. |
| 1281 | Extraordinary special tax imposed on the aljamas of Castile and Leon, 12 thousand maravedis. |
| 1282 | Pedro III of Aragon reduces the eligibility of the kingdom's Jews to hold public posts and collect taxes. |
| 1284 | Pedro III demands extraordinary tributes from the Aragon Jews to fortigy the borders against the French threat. |
| 1285 | The Almogavars, mercenary troops of Aragon, pillage the Girona Call (Jewish quarter) before entering the battle against the troops of Philip of France. Pedro III orders the organizers of the riot hanged. |
| 1286 | Moses of Leon finishes the Book of the Zohar, fundamnetal work of the Kabbala. |
| 1288 | The Jews of Huesca contibute to the campaign of Alphonso III of Aragon in Sicily by paying extraordinary tributes. |
| 1290 | Expulsion of the Jews from England. |
| 1291 | Division of Huete. |
| 1293 | Valladolid Cortes. Repressive laws against Jews. |
| 1294 | First known accusation in Spain of a ritual crime, supposedly committed by Jews, in Zaragoza. |
| 1295 | Prophecies of the Castilian rabbis point to this year as that of the Messiah's arrival (5055 of the Jewish calendar). |
| 1297 | An edict of Jaime II places the Jews under the jurisdiciton - and whims - of the Aragonese bishops and the Order of Dominicans. |
| 1301 | The Council of Toro orders that complaints against Jews be submitted to a judhe designated by the king and not of their own choice. |
| 1305 | The Cortes meeting in Medina del Campo obtain from Ferdinand IV of Castile the promise that the Jews will no longer collect taxes. |
| 1306 | Expulsion of the Jews from the kingdoms of France. |
| 1308 | The Seneschal of Estella acts against the Jews. |
| 1309 | Ritual crime accusation in Mallorca. Severe restrictive measures against the Jews. |
| 1311 | The Council of Vienna annuls the order of the Templars and tries to help the Jews. |
| 1312 | Certain irregularities in the pages of the aljama taxes oblige Ferdinand IV to restructure the payment system, in the Palencia Cortes. |
| 1313 | A Council convoked in Zamora and the Cortes de las Dueñas place reestrictions on the Jews, including prohibiting Jewish doctors from attending Christians. |
| 1315 | The bishop of Mallorca imposes fines on the city's Jews and reduces their privileges. Construction of the still-standing Cordova synagogue. |
| 1319 | Rebuilding of la Navarreria of Pamplona and the city's aljama, by order of King Carlos IV, after its destruction in 1277. |
| 1320 | Massacre of Jews by French troops in the north of Aragon and Navarra, beginning of the so-called Shepherds' War. |
| 1321 | Conversion of Avner of Burgos. |
| 1322 | The bishop of Zaragoza confiscates the property of the city's Jews in the name of the church. |
| 1326 | Jews of the Muslim kingdom of Granada obliged to wear distinguishing signs to differentiate them from the Muslims. |
| 1327 | Attacks on various Navarra juderias while the kongdom is without a monarch after the death of Carlos IV. |
| 1328 | Alphonoso IV of Aragon welcomes Jews emigrating from Navarra where, especially in Tudela, they were enduring heavy persecution after the death of King Carlos IV and the dynastic crisis occasioned by it. The Jewish chroniclers estimate that more than 10,000 Jews died in this pogrom, though this number seems excessive. |
| 1336 | The Jews of La Navarreria of Pamplona reduced to living in a closed juderia. |
| 1340 | The Portuguese aljamas reach a nation-wide agreement to pay the royal tributes collectively. |
| 1341 | Sevilla City Hall decrees that Jews may sell their products and carry out business transactions only within the aljamas where they live. |
| 1348 | The Black Plague. The juderias of Navarra are especially affected by the epidemic. There are attacks and massacres in Aragon and especially in Barcelona, Girona and Tarragon in Catalonia, and Valencia, Sagunto, and Cortes de Alcala. Alphonso XI proposes that the Jews leave off being bankers and take up agriculture. |
| 1350 | Samuel Halevi named Treasurer of Pedro I of Castile. |
| 1351 | Cortes of Valladolid: new anti-Jewish restrictions |
| 1354 | The Castilian aljamas call a meeting to deal with common problems, especially the phenomenon of the malsines or informers, among the conversos. |
| 1355 | Attack on the Toledo juderia by the troops of the Pretender to the Throne of Castile, the bastard Henry of Trastamara; an estimated 1200 Jews die. |
| 1357 | Construction of the El Transito synagogue in Toledo. |
| 1360 | Massacre of Jews in Najera after the battle outise the city between the troops of Pedro I and those of the Pretender Henry of Trastamara. |
| 1361 | Samuel Halevi dies at the hands of Pedro I of Caastile. |
| 1366 | Bertrand Duguesclin surrounds Toledo. The Jews of the aljama resist bravely, defending the gate of Cambron, next tot he juderia. Various Castilian juderias are decimated by the foreign mercenaries fighting on one side or the other. Especially damaged are the juderias of Briviesca, Aguilar de Campo and Villadiego. |
| 1369 | A royal Castilian decree orders the confiscation of all Toledo Jews' property, while raising their taxes. |
| 1370 | A massacre exterminates the entire Jewish community of the Belgian city of Brussels. Queen Juana of Navarra protects the Jews threatened in her kingdom. |
| 1371 | Pedro IV of Aragon forbids the Jews of Valencia to live outside the Jewish quarter assigned to them. Cortes of Toro, new anti-Jewish measures. |
| 1375 | Abraham Cresques, a Mallorcan Jew, produces the Catalan Atlas. First complaints by the Jews against the anti-Semitic ravings of Ferrant Martinez, called Archdean of Ecija. Pope Gregory XI reminds the Crown of Castile of its duty not to protect the Jews. |
| 1379 | Juan I of Castile places the Jews of his kingdom under the protection of his horsemen of Espinosa. For this effort the Jews must pay a tax of 12 maravedis for each Torah. |
| 1380 | Massacres of Jews in France begin and continue till 1382. |
| 1382 | Prince Juan of Aragon authorizes construction of a new synagogue in Zaragoza. |
| 1383 | The aljama of Seville protests their treatment by the Archdean of Ecija, who openly proclaims a pogrom, to Juan I of Castile. Jews are forbidden to live in Christian neighbourhoods. |
| 1384 | The aljamas of Navarra, in bad shape, join forces to pay the royal taxes. The Pamplona community at this time is especially impoverished. |
| 1385 | English troops of the Duke of Lancaster take the town of Ribadavia, in Galicia. The juderia is pillaged and set fire to, after the Jews' defense of the town. |
| 1388 | Don Pedro Tenorio, bishop of Toledo, names his doctor, Rabbi Hayen, as chief rabbi of the city. |
| 1389 | Don Pedro Gomez Barroso, archbishop of Seville, prohibits Ferrant Martinez'(Archdean of Ecija) anti-Jewish activities. |
| 1390 | Census of Jews of Castilla: 3600 heads of families are counted, The archbishop of Seville dies and the archdean of Ecija takes over the diocese, immediately ordering the destruction of the synagogues and all the Hebrew books there, and the transporting of Jewish holy lamps to the Seville cathedral. Juan I of Castile dies in Alcala de Henares. Conversion of Solomon Halevi (Pablo de Santa Maria), chief rabbi of Castile, and his entire family. |
| 1391 | In June, the huge pogrom against Jews in Valencia and Barcelona begins. |
| 1392 | Juan I of Aragon founds Barcelona's second aljama and permits the creation of a new rabbinical college. |
| 1395 | Henry III of Castile castigates the archdean of Ecija as a "persecutor of the people." |
| 1401 | Martin I forbids the reconstruction of the Barcelona Jewish quarter. Carlos of Navarra sells the property of his kingdom's Jews. |
| 1404 | The courts of Valladolid are the only ones in Castile to declare themselves favourable to the persecuted Jews of the kingdom. |
| 1406 | Death of Henry III of Castile. His physician, Don Meir, is accused of having caused it, and is submitted to torture, from which he dies. |
| 1408 | Castilian and Aragonese Jews forbidden to live outside the juderias and obliged to wear distinctive markings. |
| 1412 | Reduction of the statute of "convivencia" between Jews and Christians proposed by Queen Catherine of Lancaster and possibly written out and directed by the Burgos bishop Don Pablo de Santa Maria, himself a converted Jew. The Domenican Vicente Ferrer begins his preaching to work on the mass conversion of peninsular Jews. The synagogue is turned into a church, today Corpus Christi. Restrictive laws of Ayllon and Cifuentes. |
| 1413 | The so-called Disputations of Tortosa: José HaLorki, fanatic converso,debates against rabbis of the Aragon aljamas. |
| 1415 | Bull of Pope Benedict XIII, the Antipope, seemingly against the Jews. It provokes mass conversions. Synagogues in Barbastro and several Catalan towns converted to churches. |
| 1424 | Alphonso V of Aragon forbids Jews to settle in Barcelona, permitting only transit residency permits, and only if they wear distinguishing signs. |
| 1429 | An epidemic decimates the Zaragoza juderia. |
| 1432 | Jewish synod in Valladolid, presided over by Rabbi Abraham Benveniste. |
| 1434 | Council of Basel. Castile's representative to it is Alphonso of Cartagena, a converso, son of the bishop Pablo de Santa Maria. His defence of social and ecclesiastic privileges of Castile is remembered. |
| 1435 | Pablo de Santa Maria dies (converso and archbishop of Burgos) |
| 1448 | A new epidemic gravely affects the Aragon juderias. |
| 1449 | Thirteen Jews from Toledo's main Jewish families are excluded from their public posts after a massacre in the aljama. Pillaging and murders in the juderia of Ciudad Real. |
| 1461 | The Fortalitium Fidei of the converso Brother Alonso de Espina, against the Jews; will be used in inquisitors' manuals. |
| 1467 | Toledo conversos instigate an uprising in the city and are severely punished. |
| 1469 | Complaint in the Cortes of Ocaña, about the usury activities of Castilian Jews. |
| 1473 | The "Perpetual Alamanach" appears, by the Salamanca Jew Abraham Zacuto. Burning of Jews in Valladolid, persecution of conversos in Cordova. |
| 1474 | The mayor of the Alcazar of Segovia, the converso Andres Cabrera, manages with great difficulty to avoid a massive massacre of the Jews in Segovia's aljama. |
| 1476 | A supposed Jewish religious service on Good Friday provokes a violent popular reaction against the Jews in Castile. |
| 1480 | The Cortes called in Toledo agree on forbidding "convivencia" of Jews and Christians in Castile. Chief inquisitors named in Castile and Aragon. |
| 1481 | Publication of an edict of amnesty for 20 thousand conversos in Castile to escape the tribunals of the Inquisition, which begins to operate in Seville. |
| 1482 | First Jewish printing press installed in Guadalajara. David Kimhi's "Commentaries" are published. |
| 1483 | A tribunal of the Holy Office set up in Ciudad Real. New chief inquistor named. |
| 1484 | Burgos administrators act to stop Jews from doing business in comestibles and victuals. |
| 1485 | Expulsion of the Jews from Andalusia completed. |
| 1486 | The city of Vitoria takes repressive measures against its Jews. |
| 1487 | The Catholic Monarchs take Malaga. Don Abraham Senior, royal administrator, manages to save many Jews for 20,000 doblas jaquesas, sending them towards Africa in two galleys. |
| 1491 | The siege of Granada begins. Don Abraham Senior and Don Isaac Abravanel help fill the Christian coffers. Trial of the so-called Niño de la Guardia. |
| 1492 | January: Granada is taken. The city's Jews given assurances. Edict of Expulsion, decreed by the Kings of Castile and Aragon. July: the non-converted Jews of Spain leave. |